How To Look Up Diagrams For Animal Intrnal

4.4 Animal tissues (ESG6H)

Creature cells with the same structure and office are grouped together to grade tissues. In that location are four types of animal tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

Key Outcomes:

• Understand the differentiation of animal tissues and the relationship between structure and function of the diverse tissues.
• Know the location of the various tissues within the brute trunk.
• Learn the skill of cartoon the various animal tissues.
• Be able to gear up slides of selected beast tissues.
• Know the importance of stalk cell research in biotechnology and genetic engineering science.

Learners demand to be able to place the four basic animal tissues and relate structure to function. Learners will be required to examine and identify some fauna tissues using microscopes, bio viewers, micrographs or posters. They are required to be able to draw the various cells that make up these tissues in order to show their specialised structures.

TEACHER Resources:

Tissues of human body:

Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a particular part. We will be examining human being tissues as an example of animal tissues.

Human being bodies, like most animal bodies, are made upward of four dissimilar types of tissue:

1. Epithelial tissue forms the outer layer of the trunk and also lines many of the bodies cavities where information technology has a protective function.
2. Connective tissue assists in support and protection of organs and limbs and depending on the location in the torso information technology may join or divide organs or parts of the body.
3. Muscle tissue enables various forms of movement, both voluntary and involuntary.
4. Nerve tissue is responsible for the carrying of electrical and chemical signals and impulses from the brain and central nervous system to the periphery, and vice versa.

Nosotros will now look at each tissue type, examining its structure and role as well as its specific location in the body. Yous volition be expected to recognise microscope images of each tissue type and produce biological drawings.

Epithelial tissue (ESG6J)

Epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover surfaces (e.g. skin) and line tubes and cavities (due east.thousand. digestive organs, blood vessels, kidney tubules and airways). Epithelial tissue ordinarily consists of a single layer of cells, however in certain cases there may be more than one layer. All epithelial tissues are free surfaces fastened to the underlying layers of a basement membrane.

There are unlike types of epithelial tissue which are named according to the number of layers they form and the shape of the individual cells that make up those layers. Uncomplicated epithelium refers to a unmarried layer of cells. Stratified epithelium refers to two or more than layers of cells. Squamous epithelium refers to flattened cells, cuboidal epithelium refers to cells that are cube-shaped and columnar epithelium refers to vertically elongated cells. Ciliated epithelium refers to epithelial cells that contain many tiny hair-similar projections.

Pseudostratified epithelium refers to epithelium consisting of ane layer but looking as though it consists of more than ane layer.

Figure 4.21: The different types of epithelial tissue plant in mammals.

General functions of epithelial tissue

• Provides a barrier betwixt the external environment and the organ it covers.
• Specialised to part in secretion and assimilation.
• Protects organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.
• Excretes waste products such as sweat from the pare.

The skin is the largest human organ.

The different types of epithelial tissue are classified according to their shape. The major categories we are going to examine are squamous, columnar and cuboidal epithelium. The table presents each of them in detail.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in body	Structure	Function
Unproblematic squamous and stratified squamous	Simple: capillaries, alveoli (in lungs); stratified: peel	Thin and flat cells that are elliptically shaped and lie on basement membrane. Simple squamous epithelium is 1-jail cell thick. Stratified squamous epithelium consists of many layers.	Responsible for diffusion. Thin structure allows for movement of substances across the cells.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in body	Construction	Office
Cuboidal	Kidney tubules or glands (regions of the body responsible for excretion).	Cube-like in construction; may occasionally have structures called microvilli on surface to aid assimilation.	Serve a protective function against leaner and the wearing abroad of certain organs past lining various structures. Also prevent water loss.

Epithelial tissue type	Location in body	Structure	Function
Columnar	Digestive tract, reproductive organs	Elongated cells, nuclei located at the base of operations of the cell. Cells connected by tight junctions and receive their nutrients from the basement membrane.	Main function is protective. Prevents against bacterial infection. Tin as well secrete mucus to protect surface from damage.

A sub-type of columnar epithelium called ciliated columnar epithelium is found in some places in the body. Ciliated columnar epithelium comprise pinkie-like projections chosen cilia. These cilia beat out in a wave-similar move to motility particles, mucus or other substances around the body. Ciliated epithelium is found in the trachea and bronchi of the respiratory system and in the fallopian tubes of the female person reproductive tract.

Muscle tissue (ESG6K)

There are three types of musculus tissue:

1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac

Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated. Striated muscle cells are striped, with regular patterns of proteins responsible for contraction. Striated musculus contracts and relaxes in short bursts, whereas smoothen muscle contracts for longer.

1. Skeletal musculus is a voluntary muscle. It is striated in appearance. Skeletal muscle tissue has regularly arranged bundles. It is anchored by tendons and is used to effect skeletal muscle move, such as locomotion, and maintain posture. The muscles take a reflex action just can also respond to conscious control.

2. Smooth muscle is an involuntary, non-striated muscle with tapered ends. Information technology is found within the walls of blood vessels such as arteries and veins. Smoothen muscle is also institute in the digestive system, urinary tract and in the trachea. Information technology is responsible for involuntary rhythmic contractions of peristalsis, required for moving nutrient downwardly the alimentary culvert, and for the dilation and construction of claret vessels to control blood pressure level.

3. Cardiac musculus is the major tissue making up the heart. It is an involuntary muscle that is striated in advent. However, dissimilar skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles. The connected branches help with coordinated contractions of the heart.

Nervous tissue (ESG6M)

Cells making upward the central nervous system and peripheral nervous organization are classified every bit nervous tissue. In the central nervous system, nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal string. In the peripheral nervous system the nervous tissue forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which include the sensory and motor neurons.

The function of nervus tissue is to transmit nervus impulses effectually the body. Nerves consist of a prison cell torso (soma), dendrites, which receive impulses, and axons which send impulses. The axons of neurons are surrounded by a myelin sheath. The myelin sheath consists of layers of myelin, a white fatty substance. The myelin sheath's main function is to insulate nerve fibres and it also increases the speed of the impulses transmitted by the nerve cell. There are three types of nerve cells: sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons.

Connective tissue (ESG6N)

Connective tissue is a biological tissue that is of import in supporting, connecting or separating dissimilar types of tissues and organs in the body. All connective tissue is made up of cells, fibres (such as collagen) and extracellular matrix. The type of intercellular matrix differs in different connective tissues. There are different types of connective tissues with dissimilar functions. The post-obit table lists some of the different types of connective tissue.

All connective tissues are characterised past cells separated from each other and found in some type of intercellular matrix.

Connective tissue type	Structure	Function	Location	Diagram/Photo
Areolar (loose connective)	jelly matrix; has network of elastic fibres which attach together	holds the organs in place, cushions and protects organs (acts as a packing material)	surrounds claret vessels and fretfulness institute in the mesentry which surrounds the intestine	Effigy iv.23: Loose connective tissue.
White fibrous	consists of non-elastic fibres	acts equally a shock cushion, transfers or absorbs forces	in tendons, ligaments and many tough membrane sheaths that surround organs	Effigy four.24: White gristly tissue.
Cartilage	rubbery matrix, can be flexible or rigid	gives structure, shape and strength; reduces friction; provides support	joints, nose, sternum, trachea	Figure 4.25: Cartilage.
Bone tissue	fabricated up of collagen fibres; mineralised with calcium and phosphates to make information technology solid	provides forcefulness and support; creates ruby-red blood cells and white blood cells	basic establish all over the body	Figure 4.26: Osteoclast, a blazon of os tissue.

Blood (ESG6P)

Blood is regarded as a specialised form of connective tissue because it originates in the bones and has some fibres. Blood is composed of cerise blood cells, white claret cells and platelets. These components are suspended in a yellow fluid known as plasma.

Electron micrographs of blood cells
Effigy 4.27: Scanning electron microscope prototype of circulating blood showing several reddish and white blood cells.	Figure 4.28: Scanning electron microscope image of a white blood prison cell (correct), a platelet (eye) and a ruby blood prison cell (left).

Red blood cells: called erythrocytes are made in the red bone marrow. They practise non take a nucleus and are biconcave in shape. Their biconcave shape makes them flexible so that they tin clasp through narrow capillaries. It also gives them a bigger surface to volume ratio, so that they absorb and release gases faster. Ruby-red blood cells accept a short life span of approximately 120 days. Ruby-red blood cells contain the protein known as haemoglobin. Haemoglobin contains the pigment known as heme that has an fe (Fe) at its centre that combines with oxygen. Haemoglobin releases oxygen as required and takes upward carbon dioxide. Red blood cells ship oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Effigy 4.29: Human carmine blood cells.

White blood cells: Are commonly known as leukocytes and are produced in the xanthous bone marrow and lymph nodes. The cells have one or more nuclei. White blood cells are slightly larger than red blood cells and are more than irregular in shape. Their chief role is to protect the body from diseases. There are several types of white claret cells.

Platelets: Also known as thrombocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are fragments of os marrow cells. They take no nuclei. Platelets assist in the clotting of claret and foreclose excessive bleeding.

Figure 4.thirty: Platelets clumping together to form a blood smear. Platelets are largely responsible for wound repair and healing.

The number of leukocytes is often a measure of affliction. They make up approximately \(\text{1}\%\) of blood in a healthy adult. A change in the corporeality of leukocytes can ofttimes exist used to diagnose disease.

Plasma: Plasma is the pale-yellow component of blood that allows the balance of the components of blood to float in suspension. Information technology makes up nearly \(\text{55}\%\) of total blood volume. Information technology contains dissolved proteins, hormones, urea and carbon dioxide. Its main functions are to ship nutrients, cells and metabolic waste products and maintain blood volume.

Plasma donations are of import in claret transfusion. During World War two, the blood plasma transferred to wounded soldiers was important in saving thousands of lives.

Effigy 4.31: American wounded soldier receiving blood plasma in August, 1943

Knowing more about tissues: autopsy of animal tissue

Aim

The aim of this dissection is for y'all to revise the theory backside tissues and apply your knowledge to bodily tissues.

Instructions

You lot volition be working in pairs. Instructions for this activity will be written in italics.

• At the end of the applied you should:
  1. Know and be able to utilise dissecting instruments correctly, particularly insertion and removal of blades.
  2. Exist able to recognise and use ether responsibly
  3. Be familiar with apparatus: petri dish, dissecting tray.
  4. Use a calibration: zero (calibrate) and record mass.
  5. Perform elementary mathematical calculations: percent.
  6. Be able to read a vernier calliper.
  7. Clean and dry thoroughly and appropriately.

Materials

• 1 piece filter paper
• pair of scissors
• forceps
• threader
• pointer
• scalpel
• bract
• dissecting tray
• petri dish
• chicken fly
• 1 ml Ether
• cloths
• roller towel

Method

i. Skin

• Earlier you begin, look at the external appearance of the chicken wing.

• Weigh the unabridged fly and record its mass in the table on the final folio.

• Insert the scalpel blade onto the handle.
• Lie the wing upside down on the dissecting board.
• Cutting with scissors from the severed terminate towards the wingtip along the midline of the wing.
• Remove as much of the skin equally yous can by freeing information technology from the underlying tissue with a edgeless instrument or pulling with your fingers.
• Carefully observe the tissue that you are breaking.

1. Is pare a tissue or an organ?
2. Why is in that location a 'spider web' of skin between the joints?
3. What are the 'bumps' on the skin?
4. How easily does the peel come off between the joints?
5. Where is the skin virtually firmly attached?
6. Tape the mass of the peel in a table as shown on the last page.

2. Connective tissue

The peel is held to the underlying pinkish tissue past a type of connective tissue.

1. Proper name this particular type of connective tissue.

2. Give 2 adjectives that accurately describe it.

three. Fatty tissue

• Look at the underside of the pare you have removed. Y'all should see clumps of yellow fabric. This is fat, or adipose tissue. Information technology is besides a type of connective tissue.

• Take a small amount of this fatty tissue and squash it gently in a modest beaker with some ether.

• Pour some of this solution onto a piece of filter paper.
• Dry the filter paper by waving it in the air.

• This oily stain is known equally a translucent stain.

• From now on collect all the fat material you find — you will demand it later (place in a dissever chalice).

1. What do yous think the role of connective tissue is here?

2. What do y'all detect? There is an oily stain on the paper afterwards the ether has evaporated.

iv. Muscle

Muscle is the pinky-orange tissue yous can meet under the peel. The muscles were nigh likely severed when the chicken was dismembered in the butchery. Muscles are all arranged in 'combative pairs' where the activity 1 muscle does the contrary to its partner.

• Hold the wing in your left hand.

• Grip the end of i of the muscles with forceps. Pull it.

• Describe what happens and proper noun the blazon of activeness it caused.

• Allow go and pull various other muscles.

• Can you get 1 to crusade the contrary motility?

• Advisedly dissect out a unmarried muscle in Full. Remove it from the wing completely.

1. What type of tissue lies between the muscles?

2. Draw the wing muscle.
3. Y'all need to follow the convention of drawing diagrams past:
   1. providing a heading or title
   2. adding labels (tendon, muscle, epimysium, fat tissue)
   3. labelling on the right hand side of the diagram
   4. providing a scale bar

five. Blood vessels

The smallest vessels you will exist able to see are small arteries (arterioles) and minor veins (venules). Capillaries are the very smallest claret vessels — and so narrow in fact that erythrocytes can only fit through in single file. It is Simply between these vessels and the surrounding tissues where diffusion of substances occurs. Capillaries will not be visible to the naked eye.

• As you work, await out for blood vessels.

• The darker vessels are venules; the redder ones are arterioles.
• In the cut stop of thicker vessels yous may exist able to see the lumen and vessel wall.
• If you discover one, work the blunt end of the threader into it and downwardly the vessel and see where it leads.

1. Name two substances that volition diffuse into the tissues and out of the tissues in this wing.

6. Nerves

Nerves are bundles of neurons enclosed in a membrane rather like a piece of electric flex. They tend to exist deep in the tissues for protection.

• Proceed a expect out for nerves.
• Fretfulness are hard to see just when soaked in ethanol they get white (If possible cheque with your teacher if he or she can do this for you).

7. Tendons

Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons. Tendons are made of a blazon of connective tissue that contains lots of white fibres made of collagen. It is this collagen that gives the connective tissue its properties.

• Your task at present is to remove all the muscles neatly from the bones.

• Every bit you lot do so, try and pull one or two off the bone using your fingers or forceps; remove the rest using scissors or the scalpel.

• Look advisedly at how the tendon joins the muscle.

• If necessary dissect into the musculus tissue.

• Collect ALL the muscles you remove.

• You should now accept a pile of fatty and a pile of muscle.
• Weigh and record the mass of subcutaneous fat and muscle in the tabular array where y'all recorded the mass of the wing.

1. How firmly are the muscles fastened to bones?

2. Approximately how many muscles did you remove?

3. Describe how the tendon and muscle join.

4. Write down iv adjectives to describe collagen from what you can observe.

eight. Bone

• You lot should now be left with some bones joined together with peel, muscles and 'proper' connective tissue removed.

• Apply the miniature hacksaw to cut a bone in half.

1. Describe what you see after sawing the bone in one-half.

2. Use the vernier calliper to mensurate the thickness of the os wall.

3. The basic of nearly birds are hollow. Why are hollow bones an advantage for a bird?

nine. Ligaments

Ligaments look like to tendons and take a very like histology with lots of collagen fibres. Ligaments join os to bone, and also form protective capsular ligaments around synovial joints by for instance, keeping in the lubricating synovial fluid.

• Cut through and carefully remove the capsular ligament of a large joint using your scissors.

1. Tin yous encounter internal ligaments?

2. Write downwards three appreciable characteristics of the ligament you cutting.

x. Cartilage

• Look at the end of a bone and discover the cartilage (it is pearly white in colour).

• Try to remove it from the bone. And so try to scratch it first with your nail and, then with something very difficult and abrupt.

1. Describe what you detect.

2. What type of cartilage is this?

3. What practice yous recall the function of cartilage is?

4. What mutual, human-made material is closest in its properties to cartilage?

Questions

Data (evidence all working)

Tissue	Mass, correct to one decimal place (g)
Unabridged wing
Pare
Musculus
Subcutaneous Fatty

1. Muscle is eaten for its protein. Muscle is fabricated of protein. What percent of this wing is muscle?
2. What total percentage of this wing was made up of fat?
3. Summate the total fat-to-muscle ratio as a percentage.
4. Expect at the price per kilo for these wings. Assuming the wings have the same mass, and there are 6 per pack, how much does i wing toll?
5. You are paying the above price only to actually consume the musculus (protein), what is the bodily price per kilo you are paying for the meat (poly peptide) in this instance?

Cleaning

Tidy and clean the piece of work station thoroughly later each session. Wash instruments in hot soapy water with a sponge/scourer, rinse in the cold sink (Not nether running water) and dry with a cloth. Replace apparatus in the right containers. Scalpel blades are to exist removed, cleaned, dabbed dry with roller-towel and returned to their envelopes.

Investigation: Dissection of beast tissue

The purpose of this dissection is to revise the theory behind tissues and apply it to actual tissues.

Information and Instructions:

Autopsy and other instructions are given in italics.

Answers

1. Peel

1. Peel is an organ.
2. To increment the surface expanse for the attachment of feathers and to aid hold them together.
3. The bumps are plumage follicles.
4. Easily – it is loosely fastened on the muscle between the joints.
5. At the joints.
6. OPTIONAL – learners can tape mass if scales are available.

ii. Connective tissue

1. Areolar connective tissue.
2. Soft, flexible, sparse, rubberband, transparent.

3. Fatty tissue

1. To store reserve food in the course of lipids and to insulate the trunk confronting heat loss.
2. At that place is an oily stain on the newspaper subsequently the either has evaporated, indicating that this substance is fatty.

four. Muscle

NOTE TO TEACHERS: Information technology is hard to remove the unabridged musculus without damaging the tendons, where the muscle attaches to the os. Very few learners volition do this successfully. Nigh of them will cut through the musculus above the tendon.

1. When the upper muscle is pulled, the wing flexes / bends at the elbow. When the lower musculus is pulled, the fly straightens.
2. DIAGRAM: Adding a calibration bar is optional. The epimysium is the membrane around the entire muscle – this is also an optional label, every bit this was not in the notes.

5. Claret vessels

NOTE TO TEACHERS: It is not ever possible to see the departure between arteries and veins. Learners should look for any narrow dark red / blackish tubes.

1. Oxygen and nutrient will diffuse from the blood to the wing tissues. CO2 and other wastes will diffuse from the tissues to the claret.

6. Nerves

Notation TO TEACHERS: Learners sometimes find very narrow, whitish threads, which are the fretfulness. They are mostly right against the bone and are oft destroyed when learners remove the muscle.

vii. Tendons

1. Muscles are VERY firmly attached to bone by tendons. It is not possible to only pull them off using fingers or forceps. They have to be cut off.
2. Learner dependent answer. Near groups manage to remove ane or two at least.
3. Tendons are fastened directly to the os and gradually become muscle – the two are intermeshed at the kickoff.
4. White, strong, inelastic, flexible, firm, gristly, occurs in bundles.

8. Os

1. If learners practise not accept miniature hacksaws available, the os can be broken by hand. Learners should be able to see red bone marrow and a marrow crenel inside.
2. Use the vernier callipers if they are available for measurements.
3. Being hollow makes bones lighter, so information technology'south easier for the bird to fly. Merely chickens can't wing, so their basic are not hollow, they contain bone marrow.

9. Ligaments

1. When they have cut through the ligament sheathing effectually the elbow joint, learners may be able to see internal ligaments – they look like white 'strings' holding the bones of the elbow together.
2. Learners may use words like narrow, white, strong, etc to describe them, but many learners may not detect them at all – they have destroyed them already.

10. Cartilage

1. It cannot be removed easily by only scratching it. The cartilage is very firmly joined to the end of the bones and forms a shine, glassy surface on the bone.
2. Hyaline cartilage, but information technology tin can also be called articular cartilage.
3. The cartilage makes the end of the os smooth, to reduce friction when the bones are moved by muscles.
4. It is similar to plastic.

Questions

DATA (SHOW ALL WORKING)

Learners may non have tables of mass measurements if scales were not available.

1. Teachers will take to bank check the percentage calculations if mass measurements were done. It is calculated as mass of muscle divided by mass of unabridged wing 10 100.
2. Mass of fatty divided by mass of wing ten 100.
3. Fatty mass divided by muscle mass x 100.
4. All learners tin do these calculations, even if mass was not recorded. Price divided by 6 = cost per fly
5. The price would be 100/(percentage poly peptide) x toll per kilogram = price per kg of protein

Tissue	Mass, correct to i decimal place (g)
Entire wing
Skin
Muscle
Subcutaneous Fat	(4+1+1)

Mark Scheme: Chicken wing

Self-Cess: Assess yourself after chatting through each betoken with your partner	Mostly no (0)	Generally no	Yes	Very much and then
I followed the instructions carefully and read everything
We asked questions where we needed to
We did not ask irrelevant questions
I can at present recognize all the tissues mentioned
I can confidently describe the tissues nosotros saw
Nosotros worked well together
We stayed focused on the work
Our apparatus was clean and dry out later on our practical
I can confidently insert and remove scalpel blades
I used the apparatus well and successfully
Our fly was neatly dissected
Total (out of 33, convert to 15)	/33 /15

Source: https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-10-lifesciences/plant-and-animal-tissues/04-plant-and-animal-tissues-04

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